Estatus jurídico de la IA: ¿sujeto de derecho o mera herramienta tecnológica?
The legal status of AI: a legal entity or merely a technological Tool?Contenido principal del artículo
La expansión de la inteligencia artificial (IA), ha reabierto el debate sobre su estatus jurídico y sobre los riesgos que su utilización plantea para los derechos fundamentales. El objetivo de este ensayo fue analizar críticamente el impacto de la IA en el ejercicio y garantía de los derechos fundamentales, sosteniendo que la problemática no radica en reconocer personalidad jurídica a los sistemas algorítmicos, sino en establecer límites constitucionales claros a su desarrollo y uso. Se desarrolló un ensayo cualitativo teórico-dogmático mediante los métodos analítico-sistemático y hermenéutico, con apoyo en doctrina contemporánea, derecho comparado y jurisprudencia constitucional citada. El análisis muestra que la autonomía funcional de los sistemas algorítmicos puede producir efectos jurídicos relevantes, pero no acredita por sí misma voluntad, conciencia moral ni condiciones suficientes para atribuirles personalidad jurídica. Asimismo, las decisiones automatizadas pueden afectar la privacidad, la igualdad, el debido proceso y la tutela judicial efectiva cuando carecen de transparencia, trazabilidad, explicabilidad y control humano. Se concluye que la IA debe ser tratada como tecnología sometida a reglas de imputación y responsabilidad humana o institucional, no como sujeto de derecho. La justicia constitucional debe asegurar límites de proporcionalidad, transparencia y supervisión humana significativa, preservando la dignidad humana y la supremacía constitucional.
The expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) has reignited the debate over its legal status and the risks that its use poses to fundamental rights. The objective of this essay was to critically examine the impact of AI on the exercise and protection of fundamental rights, arguing that the issue does not lie in recognizing legal personality for algorithmic systems, but rather in establishing clear constitutional limits on their development and use. A qualitative, theoretical-doctrinal essay was conducted using analytical-systematic and hermeneutic methods, supported by contemporary legal scholarship, comparative law, and the cited constitutional case law. The analysis shows that the functional autonomy of algorithmic systems may produce significant legal effects, but does not, in itself, demonstrate will, moral consciousness, or sufficient conditions to confer legal personality upon them. Likewise, automated decision-making may affect privacy, equality, due process, and effective judicial protection when it lacks transparency, traceability, explainability, and meaningful human oversight. It is concluded that AI should be treated as a technology subject to rules of attribution and human or institutional liability, rather than as a legal subject. Constitutional adjudication must ensure requirements of proportionality, transparency, and meaningful human oversight, while safeguarding human dignity and the supremacy of the Constitution.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Christy, L. F., Jr. (2022). What is intelligence? The looming philosophical question behind artificial intelligence. Voprosy Filosofii, (10), 208–212. https://doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-10-208-212
Corte Constitucional del Ecuador. (2021a). Sentencia No. 202-19-JH/21: Pobreza, acogimiento institucional y hábeas corpus correctivo. https://www.corteconstitucional.gob.ec/sentencia-202-19-jh-21/
Corte Constitucional del Ecuador. (2021b). Sentencia No. 2064-14-EP/21: Hábeas data para impedir la divulgación de fotografías íntimas. https://www.corteconstitucional.gob.ec/sentencia-2064-14-ep-21/
Corte Constitucional del Ecuador. (2021c). Sentencia No. 34-19-IN/21 y acumulados. https://www.corteconstitucional.gob.ec/sentencia-34-19-in-21/
District Court of The Hague. (2020). NJCM et al. v. The State of the Netherlands (SyRI) (ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2020:1878). https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/details?id=ECLI%3ANL%3ARBDHA%3A2020%3A1878
Duflot, A. (2024). Artificial intelligence in the French law of 2024. Legal Issues in the Digital Age, 5(1), 37–56. https://doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2024.1.37.56
Fauquet-Alekhine, P. (2022). Can the robot be considered a person? The European perspective. Advances in Research, 23(6), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.9734/air/2022/v23i6924
Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. (1983). Judgment of the First Senate of 15 December 1983: 1 BvR 209/83 et al. (Census). https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/EN/1983/12/rs19831215_1bvr020983en.html
Filipova, I. A., & Koroteev, V. D. (2023). Future of the artificial intelligence: Object of law or legal personality? Journal of Digital Technologies and Law, 1(2), 359–386. https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2023.15
Gregg, B. (2023). Artificial consciousness is unlikely to possess a moral capacity. AJOB Neuroscience, 14(2), 79–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2188286
Hildebrandt, M. (2020). The artificial intelligence of European Union law. German Law Journal, 21(1), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.99
Kurilovich, I. S., Golubov, M. D., Perova, N. V., & Zanina, A. P. (2024). Artificial intelligence as a metaphor, object, and subject of philosophical analysis. Voprosy Filosofii, (9), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2024-9-177-189
Lankoski, L., & Smith, N. C. (2025). Corporate responsibility meets the digital economy. California Management Review, 67(4), 21–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/00081256251343234
Lasa López, A. (2024). The systematics of the European Artificial Intelligence Act in the context of the fundamental rights of the Union: The myth of the digital constitutionalism. Deusto Journal of Human Rights, (14), 73–100. https://doi.org/10.18543/djhr.3189
McDonald, L. (2023). AI systems and liability: An assessment of the applicability of strict liability & a case for limited legal personhood for AI. St Andrews Law Journal, 3(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.15664/stalj.v3i1.2645
Mohamed, H. M. I. M. (2024). The role of artificial intelligence in enhancing justice: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Social Studies, 30(1), 60–80. https://doi.org/10.20428/jss.v30i1.2338
Moeliono, T. P., & Simanjuntak, M. B. B. (2024). Legal personality of artificial intelligence. MELINTAS: An International Journal of Philosophy and Religion, 40(2), 200–224. https://doi.org/10.26593/mel.v40i2.8648
Musina, K. S. (2023). Theoretical aspects of identifying legal personality of artificial intelligence: Cross-national analysis of the laws of foreign countries. RUDN Journal of Law, 27(1), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2023-27-1-135-147
Parra Sepúlveda, D., & Concha Machuca, R. (2022). Responsabilidad civil por actos de robots autónomos en la Unión Europea: ¿Hacia la personalidad electrónica? Civilistica.com, 11(3), 1–31. https://civilistica.emnuvens.com.br/redc/article/view/857
Pasetti, P. M. P. (2019). Inteligência artificial aplicada ao direito tributário: Um novo modelo na construção de uma justiça fiscal? [Dissertação de mestrado, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul]. https://hdl.handle.net/10923/16015
Tribunal Constitucional de España. (2019). Sentencia 76/2019, de 22 de mayo de 2019. Boletín Oficial del Estado, (151), 67678–67700. https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2019-9548
Vargas-Murillo, A. R., Pari-Bedoya, I. N. M. de la A., Turriate-Guzman, A. M., Delgado-Chávez, C. A., & Sanchez-Paucar, F. (2024). Transforming justice: Implications of artificial intelligence in legal systems. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 13(2), 433. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2024-0059
Wang, C., & Wang, J. (2022). The construction of artificial intelligence private legal personality system. Legal Science in China and Russia, (5), 86–92. https://doi.org/10.17803/2587-9723.2022.5.086-092